Trace element contamination of intravenous solutions

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Materials Science
• Clinical Pharmacy

Background:

• Intravenous (IV) solutions are critical for patient care.
• Trace element contamination in IV fluids can lead to adverse health effects.
• Previous studies have not fully identified sources of contamination in IV solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the trace element content of various intravenous solutions.
• To identify the source of variable zinc, calcium, and magnesium levels in IV fluids.
• To quantify potential contamination from IV solution packaging.

Main Methods:

• Utilized atomic absorption analysis for trace element detection.
• Employed neutron activation analysis for precise quantification.
• Simulated leaching of rubber stoppers in 0.1N nitric acid over 96 hours.

Main Results:

• Significant quantities of zinc (10.75–132 µg) leached from rubber stoppers.
• Calcium and magnesium were also detected leaching from stoppers, albeit in lower concentrations.
• Rubber stoppers identified as a primary source of trace element contamination in IV solutions.

Conclusions:

• Rubber stoppers are a significant source of zinc, calcium, and magnesium contamination in intravenous solutions.
• This leaching poses a potential risk to patients receiving IV therapy.
• Recommendations for IV solution preparation and packaging may need revision to mitigate contamination.