The activation pattern in normal humans during suppression, imagination and performance of saccadic eye movements

The distribution of activated cerebral regions was examined in nine normal subjects during four different eye movement-related conditions: (1) fixation-fixation on a central light emitting diode; (2) saccadic suppression-fixation on a diode in the presence of flashing lateral targets; (3) reflexive/volitional saccades-performance of overt eye movements to two laterally lit targets and back to the centre; and (4) imagined saccades-imagining, but not performing, the same eye movements. The regional neural activity was measured indirectly using repetitive bolus injections of oxygen-15-labelled water and positron emission tomography (PET) to yield time-integrated images of the normalized count distribution. These were aligned and anatomically normalized to a standard stereotactic space and the averages of each condition were analysed categorically using statistical parametric mapping. Compared to central fixation, reflexive/volitional saccades significantly activated regions in the classically known cortical oculomotor regions. The most notable activation during the saccade suppression task, compared to central fixation alone, was a bilateral activation of the parietal cortex with a right-sided preponderance, activation of the supplementary eye field/caudal cingulate regions, and activation of frontal regions close to the frontal eye fields. Imagined performance of eye movements without overt eye movements activated the supplementary eye field and frontal eye fields identically to regions involved in overt eye movements, thus demonstrating that over eye movements are not a prerequisite of the activation of these regions in normal humans.