Molecular genetic identification of a pathway for heme binding to cytochrome b6

Heme binding to cytochrome b6 is resistant, in part, to denaturing conditions that typically destroy the noncovalent interactions between the b hemes and their apoproteins, suggesting that one of two b hemes of holocytochrome b6 is tightly bound to the polypeptide. We exploited this property to define a pathway for the conversion of apo- to holocytochrome b6, and to identify mutants that are blocked at one step of this pathway. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains carrying substitutions in either one of the four histidines that coordinate the bh or bl hemes to the apoprotein were created. These mutations resulted in the appearance of distinct immunoreactive species of cytochrome b6, which allowed us to specifically identify cytochrome b6 with altered bh or bl ligation. In gabaculine-treated (i.e. heme-depleted) wild type and site-directed mutant strains, we established that (i) the single immunoreactive band, observed in strains carrying the bl site-directed mutations, corresponds to apocytochrome b6 and (ii) the additional band present in strains carrying bh site-directed mutations corresponds to a bl-heme-dependent intermediate in the formation of holocytochrome b6. Five nuclear mutants (ccb strains) that are defective in holocytochrome b6 formation display a phenotype that is indistinguishable from that of strains carrying site-directed bh ligand mutants. The defect is specific for cytochrome b6 assembly, because the ccb strains can synthesize other b cytochromes and all c-type cytochromes. The ccb strains, which define four nuclear loci (CCB1, CCB2, CCB3, and CCB4), provide the first evidence that a b-type cytochrome requires trans-acting factors for its heme association.