Estrogen modulation: tiered testing for human hazard evaluation. American Industrial Health Council, Reproductive and...

Recent concerns about the potential of certain chemicals to modulate estrogen-regulated processes have led to questions as to how chemicals should be tested for such effects. Therefore, AIHC has developed a comprehensive, resource-efficient, and flexible tiered strategy for estrogen modulation (EM) testing. Levels of evaluation include Tier 0, in which exposure, along with alerts based on structure-activity, persistence, bioaccumulation, and other data, are assessed to prioritize chemicals for preliminary testing. In Tier I, short term in vitro, ex vivo, and/or in vivo assays are used to obtain a preliminary indication of EM potential. Among these, an in vivo response assay is considered the most reliable at this time. However, none of these tests are intended for risk assessment, but rather to aid in choosing chemicals for further testing and in guiding the extent of that testing. Tier II is aimed at risk assessment and involves whole animal tests that contain EM-sensitive end points (e.g., two-generation reproduction study). Tier III consists of hypothesis-driven research reserved for situations where targeted research can reduce levels of uncertainty. This tiered approach provides a framework for the strategic and effective application of EM test methods to address specific information needs on a case by case basis.