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Evolutionary theory and the human family

J N Davis1, M Daly

  • 1Department of Psychology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

The Quarterly Review of Biology
|January 4, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Emlen's evolutionary family theory requires modification for humans. Human sociality is driven by intergroup competition, reciprocity, and menopause, increasing family stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Anthropology
  • Behavioral ecology

Background:

  • Emlen's (1995) "An evolutionary theory of the family" proposed 15 predictions for family systems in animals, primarily birds.
  • The study reviewed existing theories on the evolution and nature of family systems across species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the applicability of Emlen's 15 predictions to human family systems.
  • To identify necessary modifications to Emlen's predictions based on human life history and ecology.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of Emlen's predictions with human social behavior.
  • Examination of human-specific factors influencing family structure and function.

Main Results:

  • Human sociality is significantly influenced by intergroup competition, unlike resource scarcity in other species.
  • Reciprocal altruism and non-nepotistic helping are key features of human social interaction.
  • Menopause and postreproductive helpers contribute to enhanced family stability by reducing dispersal incentives.

Conclusions:

  • Emlen's predictions need adaptation to account for unique human ecological and life-history traits.
  • Human family systems exhibit distinct evolutionary pressures, including social competition and postreproductive contributions.

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