Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

3.0K
The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
3.0K
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

10.0K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
10.0K
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

8.4K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
8.4K
Vision01:24

Vision

60.8K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
60.8K
Visual System01:26

Visual System

2.1K
Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
2.1K
Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

823
The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
823

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Clinical outcome of internal stent for biliary anastomosis in liver transplantation.

Transplantation proceedings·2014
Same author

The 'either test positive' strategy for latent tuberculous infection before anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment.

The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease·2014
Same author

Quality of functional haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from cryopreserved human umbilical cord blood.

Vox sanguinis·2014
Same author

Reference intervals for whole blood viscosity using the analytical performance-evaluated scanning capillary tube viscometer.

Clinical biochemistry·2014
Same author

Treatment outcomes and moxifloxacin susceptibility in ofloxacin-resistant multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease·2013
Same author

Clinical course and outcome of rheumatoid arthritis-related usual interstitial pneumonia.

Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG·2013
Same journal

A neuroimaging meta-analysis on social impression formation of stable characteristics.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2026
Same journal

An expanded cortical map of von Economo neurons in the human medial prefrontal cortex.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2026
Same journal

For better and worse: neural self-partner overlap during social feedback is associated with relationship satisfaction and depressive symptoms.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2026
Same journal

Regions in the human inferior temporal gyrus are engaged in numerosity processing across visual stimulus categories.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2026
Same journal

Differentiation of cortical areas: effects of free energy minimization with broken symmetry.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2026
Same journal

Prior exposure to speech rapidly modulates cortical processing of high-level linguistic structure.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Author Spotlight: Insights into Visual Cortex Research Through Wide-View fMRI Mapping
07:11

Author Spotlight: Insights into Visual Cortex Research Through Wide-View fMRI Mapping

Published on: December 8, 2023

2.4K

Integration of local inputs in visual cortex

L J Toth1, D S Kim, S C Rao

  • 1Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA. ljtoth@warren.med.harvard.edu

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|January 4, 1998
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Local cortical connections in the mammalian visual cortex provide strong subthreshold inputs but only mildly influence suprathreshold responses. This suggests weak integration of local inputs compared to geniculate inputs, enabling response normalization.

More Related Videos

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision
05:07

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision

Published on: June 13, 2019

12.4K
Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging
11:24

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

Published on: December 12, 2012

14.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Author Spotlight: Insights into Visual Cortex Research Through Wide-View fMRI Mapping
07:11

Author Spotlight: Insights into Visual Cortex Research Through Wide-View fMRI Mapping

Published on: December 8, 2023

2.4K
Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision
05:07

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision

Published on: June 13, 2019

12.4K
Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging
11:24

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

Published on: December 12, 2012

14.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Cortex Research
  • Neuronal Circuitry

Background:

  • Local connections are abundant in the mammalian visual cortex, linking adjacent neurons.
  • Understanding the functional impact of these local connections is crucial for deciphering visual processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of local cortical circuitry on neuronal responses.
  • To compare the impact of subthreshold and suprathreshold inputs on orientation preference in the visual cortex.

Main Methods:

  • Optical mapping of intrinsic signals in cat visual cortex.
  • Single-neuron recordings to measure suprathreshold responses.
  • Focal disinhibition within a specific orientation column.

Main Results:

  • Intrinsic signal maps showed strong subthreshold inputs from local connections to neighboring orientation columns.
  • These inputs altered the observed orientation preference towards the disinhibited column's preference.
  • Single-cell recordings revealed only minor changes in the preferred orientation for suprathreshold responses.

Conclusions:

  • Local cortical inputs are integrated weakly by neurons compared to inputs from the lateral geniculate nucleus.
  • This weak integration mechanism may facilitate response normalization across varying input activities via local averaging.