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Snakebite mortality in Costa Rica

G Rojas1, G Bogarín, J M Gutiérrez

  • 1Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology
|January 15, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Snakebite envenomation mortality in Costa Rica significantly declined from 1952-1993, particularly after 1970. This reduction is linked to increased hospital medical attention for snakebite cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Toxicology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Snakebite envenomation poses a significant public health challenge, particularly in tropical regions.
  • Understanding historical mortality trends is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze snakebite envenomation mortality rates in Costa Rica from 1952 to 1993.
  • To identify geographical, demographic, and temporal patterns associated with snakebite fatalities.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of mortality data related to snakebite envenomation in Costa Rica.
  • Statistical estimation of mortality rates per 100,000 population over the study period.
  • Correlation of mortality rates with geographical regions, habitat transformation, and access to medical care.

Main Results:

  • Mortality rates decreased from 4.83 per 100,000 in 1953 to 0.2 per 100,000 by 1990-1993.
  • The most significant decline in mortality was observed after 1970.
  • Higher mortality rates were noted in Limón and Puntarenas provinces, associated with tropical rainforest conversion to agriculture, while Guanacaste had lower rates.
  • Fatalities predominantly affected males (3.6:1 ratio) and individuals aged 10-19.
  • A shift in medical attention for fatal cases from pre-1980 (unattended) to post-1980 (hospital-attended) was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Snakebite envenomation mortality in Costa Rica has dramatically decreased over four decades.
  • Environmental changes (habitat transformation) and improved access to hospital care appear to be key factors influencing mortality trends.
  • Targeted public health interventions and continued monitoring are essential for managing snakebite risks.

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