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Low-frequency sonophoresis: pathologic and thermal effects in dogs
A J Singer1, C S Homan, A L Church
1Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York, University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA. asinger@epo.som.sunysb.edu
Summary
Low-frequency sonophoresis shows promise for transdermal drug delivery. At low intensities, it is safe for skin, causing only minor reactions, but higher intensities can cause burns.
Area of Science:
- Dermatology
- Biophysics
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Low-frequency sonophoresis enhances transdermal permeability in animal models.
- This technique could eliminate the need for injections of certain medications like insulin.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the safety profile of low-frequency sonophoresis in canine skin.
- Assess microscopic and temperature changes post-sonophoresis.
Main Methods:
- Evaluator-blinded study on 3 anesthetized dogs.
- Low-frequency ultrasound (20 KHz) applied for 60 seconds.
- Varied intensities (4-50%) and probe sizes (1, 5, 10 cm) tested.
Main Results:
- Minimal urticarial reactions at low intensities (<20% with 1-cm probe, 4% with 5-cm probe).
- Higher intensities caused thermal injuries, erythema, vesicles, and epidermal necrosis.
- The 10-cm probe did not cause any observed injury.
Conclusions:
- Low-frequency ultrasound at low intensities is safe for topical drug delivery.
- Higher intensities can lead to second-degree burns due to localized heating.