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Mould spores: the unusual suspects in hay fever
1National Asthma and Respiratory Training Centre, Warwick.
Abstract:
Microfungi are microscopic plants that lack chlorophyll and depend on plant or animal material for nourishment. Moulds will only proliferate in a humid atmosphere. Moulds produce vast numbers of small spores, varying in diameter from 2 to 5 microns, which become airborne. Some common moulds in the UK include Cladosporium, Alternaria and Aspergillus, of which several species are pathogenic to humans. The frequency of mould allergy is uncertain, but it appears to be higher in children than in adults. Wet weather favours mould growth, and sunny, windy weather favours spore release, while snow reduces both considerably. In warm, humid climates, fungi are present in large quantities all the year round. In temperate zones, spore counts are highest during the late summer. Indoor exposure largely depends upon the level of humidity. Mould growth can be immense in badly constructed houses and can contribute to sick-house syndrome. Occupational exposure can occur during manufacture of bread, cheese, beer and wine. In recent years, the use of moulds has been extended to include antibiotic, enzyme and steroid manufacture. Inhalation of small quantities of mould spores can evoke an IgE response and asthma. Massive exposure to some moulds growing in the airway can evoke an IgE and IgG response in people with bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The inhalation of large amounts of mould antigen in organic dust can cause an IgG response and extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Insights
Microscopic fungi, or moulds, release airborne spores that can cause allergies and respiratory issues in humans. Environmental factors like humidity and weather significantly influence mould growth and spore dispersal.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Science
- Mycology
- Public Health
Background:
- Microfungi, commonly known as moulds, are microscopic organisms that thrive in humid conditions.
- They reproduce by releasing numerous airborne spores, posing potential health risks.
- Common UK moulds include Cladosporium, Alternaria, and Aspergillus, some of which are pathogenic.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the environmental factors influencing mould growth and spore release.
- To discuss the health implications of mould exposure, including allergies and respiratory diseases.
- To highlight the prevalence and impact of moulds in both indoor and occupational settings.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of existing studies on microfungi and their effects.
- Analysis of factors affecting mould proliferation and spore dispersal (humidity, weather).
- Examination of human health responses to mould spore inhalation.
Main Results:
- Mould growth is favored by humidity, while wind aids spore release; snow reduces both.
- Spore counts peak in late summer in temperate climates and are high year-round in warm, humid regions.
- Indoor mould exposure is linked to humidity levels and building construction quality.
Conclusions:
- Mould spores can trigger IgE-mediated responses, leading to asthma.
- Significant exposure to certain moulds can cause IgE and IgG responses, as seen in bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
- Inhalation of mould antigens in organic dust can lead to IgG responses and extrinsic allergic alveolitis.