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Avoidable cancers in the Nordic countries. Exogenous hormones

J F Winther1, L Dreyer, L Tryggvadottir

  • 1Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society.

APMIS. Supplementum
|January 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary

Exogenous hormones like oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy have both risks and benefits. While they may increase breast and cervical cancer risk, they also protect against ovarian and endometrial cancers.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Exogenous hormone use, including oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy (HRT), is widespread among women.
  • Reproductive life factors influence cancer risk, raising concerns about hormone safety.
  • Sex hormones are widely used for contraception and menopausal symptom management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the adverse and beneficial effects of exogenous hormone use on cancer risk in Nordic countries.
  • To quantify the impact of oral contraceptives and HRT on specific cancer incidence and prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of user data for oral contraceptives and HRT in Nordic populations (Norway, Sweden).
  • Estimation of cancer cases caused or prevented annually based on relative risk data.

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  • Calculation of percentages of total cancer cases attributed to hormone use.

    • Main Results:

    • Oral contraceptives may cause approximately 95 breast and 40 cervical cancer cases annually in Nordic countries.
    • Oral contraceptives annually prevent around 350 ovarian and 350 endometrial cancer cases.
    • Eliminating HRT could annually avoid an estimated 260 breast cancer cases in the Nordic countries.

    Conclusions:

    • Exogenous hormone use presents a complex balance of cancer risks and benefits.
    • Oral contraceptives are associated with increased risks for breast and cervical cancers but offer protection against ovarian and endometrial cancers.
    • HRT use is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer, with significant numbers of cases potentially avoidable by its elimination.