Rapid assay processing by integration of dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy: high throughput...

Dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (dual-color FCS) has previously been shown to be a suitable tool not only for binding but also for catalytic rate studies. In this work, its application as a rapid method for high-throughput screening (HTS) and evolutionary biotechnology is described. This application is called RAPID FCS (rapid assay processing by integration of dual-color FCS) and does not depend on the characterization of diffusion parameters that is the prerequisite for conventional fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Dual-color FCS parameters were optimized to achieve the shortest analysis times. A simulated HTS with homogeneous assays for different restriction endonucleases (EcoRI, BamHI, SspI, and HindIII) achieved precise yes-or-no decisions within analysis times of about 1 s per sample. RAPID FCS combines these short analysis times with the development of fast and flexible assays resulting in sensitive, homogeneous fluorescence-based assays, where a chemical linkage between different fluorophores is either cleaved or formed, or where differently labeled molecules interact by noncovalent binding. In principle, assay volumes can be reduced to submicroliters without decreasing the signal strength, making RAPID FCS an ideal tool for ultra-HTS when combined with nanotechnology. RAPID FCS can accurately probe 10(4) to 10(5) samples per day, and possibly more. In addition, this method has the potential to be an efficient tool for selection strategies in evolutionary biotechnology, where rare and specific binding or catalytic properties have to be screened in large numbers of samples.