Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Videos

Revisiting the Th1/Th2 paradigm

E Muraille1, O Leo

  • 1Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rhode-St-Genèse, Belgium.

Scandinavian Journal of Immunology
|February 19, 1998
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Investigation of inflammatory and allergic responses to common mold species: Results from in vitro experiments, from a mouse model of asthma, and from a group of asthmatic patients.

Indoor air·2017
Same author

Maintenance of B cells during chronic murine Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.

Parasite immunology·2016
Same author

In vivo characterization of two additional Leishmania donovani strains using the murine and hamster model.

Parasite immunology·2016
Same author

Intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide promotes TNF-induced necroptosis in a sirtuin-dependent manner.

Cell death and differentiation·2015
Same author

Cyclosporine A drives a Th17- and Th2-mediated posttransplant obliterative airway disease.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons·2013
Same author

CTLA4-Ig restores rejection of MHC class-II mismatched allografts by disabling IL-2-expanded regulatory T cells.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons·2012
Same journal

Recent Thymic Emigrant Levels in Inborn Errors of Immunity: Is Their Diagnostic Value Greater Than We Think?

Scandinavian journal of immunology·2026
Same journal

The EBNA-1 Conundrum: Does Epstein-Barr Virus Invoke Autoimmune Pathology in a Population Subset by Poorly Purine-Loading Its Major Latency-Maintaining Transcript?

Scandinavian journal of immunology·2026
Same journal

Unsupervised Flow Cytometry Reveals a Constant Shift Towards Activated CD4<sup>+</sup> T Cell Subsets in APECED.

Scandinavian journal of immunology·2026
Same journal

RETRACTION: Interleukin-13 Induces T Helper Type 2 Immune Responses in OVA-Immunized BALB/c Mice Bearing a T Cell Lymphoma.

Scandinavian journal of immunology·2026
Same journal

Development of a Detection Method for Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor and Its Application in Predicting Prognosis of Severe COVID-19.

Scandinavian journal of immunology·2026
Same journal

Crohn's Disease Enteritis: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches.

Scandinavian journal of immunology·2026
See all related articles

This study revises the Th1/Th2 paradigm, proposing a new model for how cytokines regulate immune responses. It addresses experimental findings that challenge the traditional view of polarized immunity during infection.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • CD4+ helper T cells (Th) orchestrate immune responses by producing distinct cytokine patterns.
  • The traditional Th1/Th2 paradigm suggests reciprocal inhibition and polarization, but experimental data present inconsistencies.
  • Observations include Th1 cells lacking autocrine growth factors and IL-10's independent inhibition of inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a revised model for cytokine regulation of immune responses.
  • To reconcile experimental data with existing immunological frameworks.
  • To offer a more comprehensive understanding of in vivo immune dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis and model revision.
  • Integration of experimental observations into a new conceptual framework.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Literature review and synthesis of immunological data.

    • Main Results:

    • The symmetrical Th1/Th2 paradigm is insufficient to explain all observed immune phenomena.
    • Cytokine interactions, including IL-10 and IL-12, exhibit complexities beyond simple reciprocal inhibition.
    • A revised model is proposed to better account for the regulation of immune responses in vivo.

    Conclusions:

    • The regulation of immune responses is more intricate than the classical Th1/Th2 dichotomy suggests.
    • A revised model is necessary for a complete understanding of cytokine-mediated immune cell recruitment and function.
    • Further research is needed to validate and refine the proposed model of immune regulation.