Mouse mammary tumor virus and its interaction with the immune system

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a retrovirus that is transmitted through milk to offspring. Gut-associated B cells are the first cells to be infected during virus transmission, and these cells present a virus-encoded superantigen to cognate T cells. This allows MMTV to replicate and amplify in activated lymphocytes and ultimately results in virus transmission to the mammary epithelial cells. Because the superantigen has profound effects on the T cell repertoire and because MMTV replicates in lymphoid cells, loss of immune response to the virus may also play a role in its ability to persist within its host. Transcriptional control of MMTV expression also plays an important part in this pathway and DNA recognition sequences for transcription factors that allow its expression in lymphoid organs and mammary epithelia are encoded within the virus. Thus, this virus has evolved to take maximum advantage of its host's biology.