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Related Concept Videos

Cancer02:18

Cancer

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
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Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
Some...
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Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy01:25

Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy

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The colon, or large intestine, is the final segment of the digestive system. Its primary functions include absorbing water and vitamins produced by gut bacteria and transforming waste from liquid to solid to form stool. In adults, the large intestine is approximately 5 feet long and consists of four main sections:
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Competing-Risk Nomogram for Predicting Cancer-Specific Survival in Multiple Primary Colorectal Cancer Patients after Surgery
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Competing-Risk Nomogram for Predicting Cancer-Specific Survival in Multiple Primary Colorectal Cancer Patients after Surgery

Published on: September 27, 2024

953

[Colorectal cancer]

P Luna-Pérez1, A Reyna Huelga, D F Rodríguez Coria

  • 1Servicio de Colon y Recto, Hospital de Oncología, México D.F., México.

Revista De Gastroenterologia De Mexico
|July 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Colorectal cancer develops through a multistep process involving genes. Early-stage colorectal cancer treatment is surgery, while advanced stages require surgery plus chemotherapy and possibly radiotherapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Colorectal cancer is a leading malignancy globally and the second most common in Mexico's gastrointestinal tract.
  • Understanding its multistep carcinogenesis is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the multistep carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer.
  • To provide an update on screening, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for colorectal cancer.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted to evaluate screening, diagnosis, and treatment procedures.
  • Current clinical practices for colorectal cancer management were also reviewed.

Main Results:

  • Current screening programs show limited impact on reducing mortality in low-risk populations.
  • Early-stage colorectal cancer (Dukes A, B1) is treated with surgery alone.
  • Locally advanced colorectal cancer (Dukes B2, C) treatment involves surgery combined with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, with radiotherapy timing remaining controversial.

Conclusions:

  • Colorectal cancer arises from a multistep process involving tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes.
  • Surgery is the standard treatment for early-stage colorectal cancer.
  • Multimodal therapy (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) is recommended for locally advanced disease.