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Cardiac disorders and stroke
1Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Insights
Cardiac conditions frequently cause strokes. Identifying risk factors for atrial fibrillation and patent foramen ovale aids stroke prevention and treatment, improving patient outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Neurology
- Vascular Medicine
Background:
- Cardiac disorders are a significant cause of cerebral embolism, leading to stroke.
- Atrial fibrillation is a primary cardiac dysrhythmia linked to stroke risk.
- The interplay between cardiac damage and brain infarction complicates patient outcomes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current knowledge on cardiac disorders as a source of cerebral embolism.
- To highlight advances in identifying and managing stroke risk factors associated with cardiac conditions.
- To discuss the bidirectional relationship between cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases.
Main Methods:
- Review of clinical, hematological, and echocardiographic risk factors for atrial fibrillation-related stroke.
- Assessment of diagnostic techniques like transesophageal echocardiography and contrast transcranial Doppler for patent foramen ovale detection.
- Evaluation of perioperative stroke risk reduction strategies in coronary artery bypass grafting patients with aortic atheroma and carotid stenosis.
Main Results:
- Advances enable better identification of risk factors for atrial fibrillation-related stroke.
- Diagnostic tools can detect patent foramen ovale and significant aortic/carotid disease.
- Coronary artery disease is common in stroke patients, and stroke can induce cardiac abnormalities.
Conclusions:
- Improved understanding of cardiac-cerebrovascular links enhances stroke prevention and treatment.
- Risk stratification and targeted medical therapy (aspirin, warfarin) are crucial for preventing atrial fibrillation-related brain embolization.
- Addressing cardiac comorbidities is essential for reducing mortality in stroke patients.
Abstract:
Cardiac disorders are increasingly recognised as an important source of cerebral embolism. Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac dysrrhythmia that can predispose to stroke. Recent advances have significantly increased the identification of clinical, hematological and echocardiographic risk factors that predict the occurrence of atrial fibrillation related stroke. Also, clinical risk stratification has been used to determine medical therapy (aspirin or warfarin) for prevention of atrial fibrillation related brain embolization. Among the various structural heart diseases causing stroke, the role of patent foramen ovale remains controversial. Strides have been made in the use of ultrasonographic techniques such as transesophageal echocardiography and contrast transcranial doppler to detect patent foramen ovale. Coronary artery bypass grafting is often performed in patients with concomitant aortic atheroma and carotid stenosis that may predispose to stroke in the perioperative period. It is now possible to identify perioperatively significant aortic atherosclerosis (using transesophageal echocardiography and aortic ultrasound) and significant carotid disease (using carotid ultrasound) and make appropriate modifications in surgical technique to reduce the incidence of coronary artery bypass grafting related stroke. Because of shared risk factors it is not surprising that coronary artery disease is frequently found in stroke patients. Recent studies suggest that more than one-third of stroke patients have asymptomatic coronary artery disease. Conversely, the brain damaged by infarction may itself be responsible for the production of cardiac structural and electrical abnormalities. Both these factors may contribute to the finding that cardiac events are the leading cause of death in stroke patients on long term follow-up. Recognition of these correlations has enhanced our ability to treat and prevent stroke related mortality.