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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA into a...
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These domains are...
Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA into a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Metabolic Labeling with 4-thiouracil and the Quantification of Newly Synthesized mRNA As a Proxy for RNA Polymerase II Activity
09:21

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Metabolic Labeling with 4-thiouracil and the Quantification of Newly Synthesized mRNA As a Proxy for RNA Polymerase II Activity

Published on: October 22, 2018

FACT, a factor that facilitates transcript elongation through nucleosomes

G Orphanides1, G LeRoy, C H Chang

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854, USA.

Cell
|March 7, 1998
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromatin remodeling enables transcription initiation but requires the FACT protein to overcome a nucleosome-induced block for productive transcription elongation. FACT facilitates RNA polymerase II passage through nucleosomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Expression
  • Chromatin Structure

Background:

  • Transcription by RNA polymerase II is a fundamental process regulated by chromatin.
  • Chromatin remodeling is crucial for transcription initiation but can impede elongation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the factors required for productive transcription from chromatin templates.
  • To identify and characterize accessory factors involved in overcoming transcription blocks.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro assembly of chromatin templates.
  • Reconstitution of transcription with human general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II.
  • Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel accessory factor.

Main Results:

  • Activator-induced chromatin remodeling promoted preinitiation complex formation and initiation.
  • RNA polymerase II encountered a block to productive transcription after initiation on remodeled chromatin.
  • A purified factor, FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription), was identified as essential for overcoming this block.
  • FACT facilitates RNA polymerase II passage through nucleosomes, enabling transcript elongation.

Conclusions:

  • Productive transcription through chromatin requires more than just initiation.
  • FACT is a novel protein factor essential for overcoming nucleosome-induced blocks to transcript elongation.
  • FACT plays a critical role in facilitating RNA polymerase II processivity through nucleosomal DNA.