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Typhoid intestinal perforations in Nigerian children
1Department of Surgery, Baptist Medical Centre, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
Insights
Perforated typhoid enteritis in Nigerian children led to a 20% mortality rate, primarily due to sepsis. Prolonged abdominal pain was a key predictor of death, highlighting the need for improved perioperative care and typhoid fever prevention.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Surgery
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
Background:
- Typhoid enteritis perforation is a severe complication of Salmonella Typhi infection.
- This condition disproportionately affects children in endemic regions, presenting significant surgical and mortality challenges.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of pediatric patients with perforated typhoid enteritis.
- To identify predictors of mortality and suggest improvements in patient care and disease prevention.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of 75 children treated for perforated typhoid enteritis over a 4-year period.
- Data collected included patient demographics, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, surgical procedures, postoperative course, complications, and mortality.
Main Results:
- The mean age was 11.4 years, with common symptoms of fever and abdominal pain lasting over 10 days.
- A 20% mortality rate was observed, with sepsis as the primary cause of death, often within 72 hours post-operation.
- Longer duration of abdominal pain was the only significant predictor of mortality.
Conclusions:
- Perioperative management, including intensive care and effective antibiotics, can reduce mortality.
- Effective prevention of typhoid fever is crucial for a substantial decrease in mortality rates.
Abstract:
This study was a retrospective analysis of 75 children with perforated typhoid enteritis treated at the Baptist Medical Centre in Ogbomoso, Nigeria over a 4-year period. The mean age was 11.4 years. The usual symptoms were fever and abdominal pain, with a mean duration of 10.5 days. The diagnosis of perforation was usually based on the history and physical examination alone. The time interval from hospital presentation to operation was 11 hours, during which intravenous crystalloid and antibiotics were administered. Among the 75 children, 53 (71%) had a single perforation, and 22 had multiple perforations. Débridement and two-layered closure was performed in 71 (95%) and resection with anastomosis in 4 (5%). Ileus resolution was usually not complete until the eighth postoperative day, and the mean time until the surviving children were afebrile was 10 days. Complications other than death occurred in 7 (9%) children, and there were 15 deaths (20% mortality). All deaths were attributed to overwhelming sepsis, and all but one of the deaths occurred during the first 72 postoperative hours. The only factor statistically significant as a predictor of mortality was the duration of abdominal pain. Improvement in perioperative management including intensive care nursing and more effective antibiotics, although expensive, could result in decreased mortality. A significant decrease in mortality can occur only when the prevention of typhoid fever becomes a higher priority than its treatment.