Apatite induction by insoluble dentin collagen

Phosphoproteins are thought to play a role in mineral formation in dentin. A portion of this phosphoprotein is bound to collagen. We have investigated the requirement for bound phosphate in mineral induction by isolated dentin collagen. Insoluble bovine dentin collagen obtained by ethylene-diamino-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) demineralization had 19.5 mol of P/mol of collagen that could not be extracted with 0.5 M EDTA in 4 M guanidine HCl. When this collagen was incubated in supersaturated solutions that did not spontaneously precipitate, apatite was induced. With progressive enzymatic dephosphorylation, induction times for mineral formation became progressively longer. The dentin did not induce mineral formation when 90% of the ester phosphate was removed. Insoluble bone collagen, which had even less phosphate, also did not induce mineral formation. Mineral induction times by dentin collagen increased with decreasing solution saturations. Using these data, the interfacial tension for mineral induction was determined to be 90 ergs/cm2. This value approximated that of phosphatidic acid liposomes and of phosvitin cross-linked to agarose beads, and it might reflect the energetics of heterogeneous nucleation on a highly phosphorylated surface. Sequestering of calcium-phosphate clusters on the phosphoprotein probably accounts for the observed calcium binding by dentin collagen in excess of that required to neutralize the phosphate esters of the collagen. Because the phosphoprotein is immobilized at a low density on the collagen, it cannot self-associate in calcium-phosphate solutions as it does when it is free in solution. This immobilized phosphoprotein allows the mineral clusters formed on its surface to grow into a crystalline order.