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X-ray diffraction on cyclically loaded osteons

A Ascenzi1, A Benvenuti, A Bigi

  • 1Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.

Calcified Tissue International
|March 21, 1998
PubMed
Summary
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Cyclic loading degrades human femoral bone by reducing apatite crystallite orientation, particularly in longitudinal osteons. This structural change, unlike collagen fibril behavior, suggests crystallite-fibril separation drives bone degradation.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Bone Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Osteons, the fundamental structural units of cortical bone, are susceptible to degradation under cyclic loading.
  • Previous studies identified stiffness degradation and pinching effects as key issues in cyclically loaded osteons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fine structural distortions in single osteons subjected to cyclic loading.
  • To differentiate the effects of cyclic loading on apatite crystallites and collagen fibrils in human femoral cortical bone.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of fully calcified longitudinal and alternate osteons from human femoral cortical bone sections.
  • Cyclic loading of osteon samples using an electromechanical device connected to a microwave micrometer.
  • Analysis of structural distortions using high- and low-angle X-ray diffraction with conventional and synchrotron radiation sources.

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Main Results:

  • Cyclic loading significantly reduces the degree of orientation of apatite crystallites, especially in longitudinal osteons.
  • Longitudinal osteons are more vulnerable due to less protection against buckling compared to alternate osteons.
  • The orientation of collagen fibrils appears unaffected by cyclic loading, suggesting a reversible disorientation process.

Conclusions:

  • The observed degradation in cyclically loaded osteons is likely caused by the separation of apatite crystallites from collagen fibrils.
  • Differential responses of inorganic and organic components to cyclic loading highlight distinct degradation mechanisms.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing strategies to prevent bone fragility and improve implant longevity.