Evolving concepts of spatial channels in vision: from independence to nonlinear interactions

By the 1960s it was evident from neuroanatomy that there were extensive recurrent interactions, both excitatory and inhibitory, among visual cortical neurons. Nevertheless, the psychophysical discovery of 'spatial-frequency channels' gave rise to a decade in which parallel, independent channels were thought to subserve early spatial vision. Recent work, however, has clearly demonstrated that early visual channels do not perform a Fourier or wavelet decomposition of the image. Instead, they interact through a variety of nonlinear pooling mechanisms. Such nonlinear interactions perform important computations in texture perception, stereopsis, and motion and form vision.