Host range and the maintenance of Haemonchus spp. in an adverse arid climate

Three Haemonchus species (Haemonchus contortus, Haemonchus placei and Haemonchus longistipes) live in sympatry in Sahelian areas such as Mauritania (West Africa). Four host species (dromedary, zebu cattle, sheep and goats) share the same pastures for several months per year. Experimental infection by H. contortus or H. placei was achieved only poorly in dromedaries, and H. contortus or H. longistipes infection failed to establish in zebu cattle. Conversely, H. placei and H. longistipes successfully infected sheep and goats. Under field conditions, mixed congeneric infections were very rare in dromedaries but frequent in zebu cattle (H. contortus represented 16% of Haemonchus spp. burden), in sheep (H. placei: 15%) and in goats (H. placei: 9% and H. longistipes: 6% of worms). The importance of the different host species was evaluated for Haemonchus spp.: small ruminants are the main hosts of H. contortus, dromedaries harboured the large majority of H. longistipes worms but 5% of them were found in goats which seemed to be additional hosts. The most striking finding was the role played by the small ruminants in the survival strategy of H. placei in Sahelian regions: 56% of the total of H. placei worms were found in sheep, 34% in goats and only 10% in zebu cattle. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the extension of host range plays an important role in the survival strategy of H. placei, whereas H. longistipes or H. contortus might well survive utilising their usual hosts.