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Posterolateral elbow joint instability: the basic kinematics

B S Olsen1, J O Søjbjerg, K K Nielsen

  • 1Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark.

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
|April 3, 1998
PubMed
Summary
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The lateral collateral ligament complex (LCLC) is crucial for elbow stability during the pivot shift test (PST). Reconstructing the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) effectively addresses instability caused by LCLC damage.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Posterolateral elbow joint instability is a complex clinical challenge.
  • The pivot shift test (PST) is a provocative maneuver used to assess elbow instability.
  • Understanding the role of specific ligaments in elbow stability is critical for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the kinematics of posterolateral elbow joint instability during the PST.
  • To determine the contribution of individual components of the lateral collateral ligament complex (LCLC) to elbow stability.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of lateral collateral ligament (LCL) reconstruction in restoring joint stability.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-five cadaveric elbows underwent kinematic analysis during the PST.

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  • Sequential division of LCLC components (annular ligament, lateral ulnar collateral ligament, LCL) was performed.
  • LCL reconstruction was performed after complete LCLC division.
  • Joint laxity was quantified in valgus and external rotation during the PST.
  • Main Results:

    • Division of the annular ligament or lateral ulnar collateral ligament did not induce significant laxity during the PST.
    • Division of the LCL resulted in maximal laxity of 4° in valgus and 23° in external rotation.
    • Complete LCLC division led to maximal laxity of 7.9° in valgus and 37° in external rotation.
    • Isometric LCL reconstruction corrected the induced joint laxity.

    Conclusions:

    • The LCL is the primary stabilizer of the posterolateral elbow against PST stress.
    • The annular ligament and lateral ulnar collateral ligament act as secondary stabilizers.
    • Medial collateral elbow ligament integrity should be assessed during forced valgus with pronation or neutral forearm rotation.
    • Isometric LCL reconstruction is an effective treatment for LCLC-deficient elbow instability.