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Related Concept Videos

Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Studying the Cytoskeleton01:17

Studying the Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeletal architecture can be studied using different microscopic and biochemical techniques. Electron microscopy was instrumental in discovering the cytoskeletal architecture around the 1960s, which allowed obtaining structural information at a high-resolution level. However, the sample preparation procedure often limits this ability in biological samples. Several protocols have been developed over the years to optimize sample preparation. In one of the protocols known as rotary...
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP02:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
Types of ChIP
ChIP can be divided into two types - X-ChIP and N-ChIP. X-ChIP involves in vivo cross-linking of histones and regulatory proteins to DNA, fragmenting the DNA by sonication, and isolating the protein-DNA...
Immunogold Electron Microscopy01:20

Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunoelectron microscopy utilizes immunogold labeling of endogenous proteins with specific antibodies to detect and localize these proteins in cells and tissues. The procedure provides insights into the distribution and quantification of protein under different stimulation conditions offering clues about their functions. Conjugating highly electron-dense gold particles with primary or secondary antibodies allow antigen detection on and within cells, with high resolution and specificity.
Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

Cryo-electron Microscopy

Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Visualization of miniSOG Tagged DNA Repair Proteins in Combination with Electron Spectroscopic Imaging (ESI)
13:06

Visualization of miniSOG Tagged DNA Repair Proteins in Combination with Electron Spectroscopic Imaging (ESI)

Published on: September 24, 2015

Chromatin structure visualization by immunoelectron microscopy

M Bustin, D Goldblatt, R Sperling

    Cell
    |February 1, 1976
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Immunoelectron microscopy reveals chromatin

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    Visualization of miniSOG Tagged DNA Repair Proteins in Combination with Electron Spectroscopic Imaging (ESI)
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    Published on: September 24, 2015

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    Imaging Replicative Domains in Ultrastructurally Preserved Chromatin by Electron Tomography
    14:56

    Imaging Replicative Domains in Ultrastructurally Preserved Chromatin by Electron Tomography

    Published on: May 20, 2022

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Cell Biology
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Chromatin structure is fundamental to understanding DNA packaging and gene regulation.
    • Previous models proposed various arrangements of chromatin components, but direct visualization was limited.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the structural organization of chromatin using immunoelectron microscopy.
    • To investigate the distribution and role of histones and nonhistone proteins within chromatin particles.

    Main Methods:

    • Immunoelectron microscopy was employed using antibodies against chromatin and histone H2B.
    • Chromatin samples were visualized directly, and antibody binding was assessed using ferritin-labeled secondary antibodies.

    Main Results:

    • Chromatin appears as closely packed spherical particles (beads) approximately 104 Å in diameter.
    • Antibody binding significantly increased particle diameter to ~300 Å, consistent with a model of antibody encirclement.
    • Over 95% of beads reacted with anti-chromatin sera (targeting nonhistone proteins), and ~90% reacted with anti-histone H2B antibodies.

    Conclusions:

    • Chromatin is organized into discrete bead-like structures, likely containing histone H2B and various nonhistone proteins.
    • The findings support a model where chromatin beads are the fundamental units of chromatin organization.
    • Nonhistone proteins appear to be heterogeneously distributed among chromatin beads.