Estimating the time between drinking and death from tissue distribution patterns of ethanol

To establish a method for estimating the time between the last consumption of alcohol and death, we examined the ethanol levels in body fluids and tissues of rats that had been orally administered 1 g/kg ethanol. We observed the following relationships between ethanol levels in the cardiac blood (blood in the heart itself), vitreous humor, and urine: cardiac blood > vitreous humor > urine at 10 min (early absorption stage); vitreous humor > cardiac blood > urine from 20 to 50 min (late absorption stage); vitreous humor > urine > cardiac blood from 60 to 120 min (distribution stage); and urine > vitreous humor > cardiac blood at 180 min (excretion stage). It was also observed that, in cases of death immediately following drinking, ethanol levels in the stomach contents are very high, and the following ratios of ethanol levels were observed: skeletal muscle to cardiac blood--less than 1; liver to cardiac blood--around 1. buccal mucosa to cardiac blood-greater than 1. These ratios at equilibrium after drinking were around 1, lower than 1 and around 1, respectively. We also measured alcohol levels in the cardiac blood, urine, vitreous humor and stomach contents of nine cadavers who had consumed alcohol prior to death. The relationships between the time since last consumption of alcohol and relative ethanol levels in these specimens were in good accordance with the results of the animal experiments.