Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 18, 2026

Grade III Varicocele Surgical Treatment using Spermatic Vein-Superficial Abdominal Vein Shunt
Published on: August 23, 2024
Pathophysiology of clinical varicoceles in infertile men
A T Cockett1, H Takihara, M Iwamura
1Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642-8656, USA.
Abstract:
In infertile men, clinical varicoceles most often occur bilaterally. In our experience with these patients, both testicles are smaller than normal. We find more than 25% to 35% immature and tapered sperm in in the ejaculum of these men, and the motility of the sperm is usually low. We have found serotonin in the plasma of the varicoceles, and believe this biogenic amine is responsible for the poor sperm motility. We now agree that a subset of neuroendocrine cells in the prostate secrete serotonin. Bilateral varicocele surgery can improve the patient's fertility potential, and we advocate surgical treatment.
Related Concept Videos
Infertility in Males
Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction
Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol abuse, or...
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...
Varicose Veins I: Introduction
Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

