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Related Concept Videos

Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Coronavirus01:29

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), are enveloped viruses characterized by their single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and helical nucleocapsid structure. The hallmark of these viruses is their club-shaped spike (S) glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope, facilitating attachment to host cells. Typically, coronaviruses infect the upper respiratory tract, often causing mild or asymptomatic disease. However, certain strains like...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Real-time Quaking-induced Conversion Assay for Detection of CWD Prions in Fecal Material
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Kuru and "new variant" CJD

J Verdrager

    The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health
    |April 30, 1998
    PubMed
    Summary

    Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD) shares features with Kuru, affecting young patients. nvCJD strain characteristics are similar to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), suggesting a link through contaminated food.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Epidemiology
    • Prion Diseases

    Background:

    • Acquired transmissible spongiform encephalopathies include Kuru, iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), and variant CJD (nvCJD).
    • nvCJD shares clinical and neuropathological features with Kuru, affecting younger individuals.
    • The bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic in the UK preceded the identification of nvCJD.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the characteristics of nvCJD in relation to Kuru and BSE.
    • To investigate the potential transmission routes and epidemic projections for nvCJD.

    Main Methods:

    • Clinical and neuropathological comparison of nvCJD with Kuru and sporadic CJD.
    • Molecular analysis to determine nvCJD strain characteristics.
    • Epidemiological modeling based on estimated incubation periods and historical data.

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    Main Results:

    • nvCJD affects young patients and exhibits Kuru-like symptoms and pathology, including cerebellar ataxia and amyloid plaques.
    • Molecular analysis reveals nvCJD strain characteristics similar to BSE, distinct from other CJD types.
    • A significant number of BSE-infected cattle entered the human food chain before the 1989 ban, with high infectivity in neural tissues.

    Conclusions:

    • nvCJD likely resulted from oral exposure to the BSE agent, with high infectivity concentrated in specific bovine tissues.
    • The estimated long incubation period (10-30+ years) suggests a potential nvCJD epidemic peaking around 2009 and extending to 2030.
    • The decline of Kuru deaths after the cessation of cannibalism serves as a precedent for nvCJD epidemic trajectory.