Systematics and evolution of lower Central American cichlids inferred from analysis of cytochrome b gene sequences

Central American cichlids allied to the genus "Cichlasoma" are thought to be of South American ancestry. The group has apparently undergone extensive morphological, ecological, and behavioral differentiation in Central America following colonization. Uncertainties regarding the systematics of the group and the timing of colonization complicate interpretation of the biological history of cichlids in Central America. We determined complete cytochrome b gene sequences for 54 individual cichlids representing 21 species to test hypotheses regarding the time of origin and pattern of diversification of lower Central American cichlids. The data also bear on issues relating to the systematics and taxonomy of heroine cichlids. Our results suggest that cichlids have been in Central America since the middle to late Miocene. Moreover, the data provide evidence of a rapid radiation early in the history of the group. Similar ecomorphological types have evolved multiple times. Inferences of convergent morphological evolution may, in part, explain a lack of concordance between the mitochondrial gene tree and previous inferences of phylogenetic relationships based on observable characteristics. Phylogenetic inferences based on the molecular data provide support for the recognition of "sections" [erected by Regan (1905) and others] as distinct genera and suggest that thorough revision of Central American cichlids is necessary before the extent of biological diversity within the group can be fully appreciated.