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Related Experiment Videos

The experience of crowding: a two-factor theory

S Worchel, C Teddlie

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
    |July 1, 1976
    PubMed
    Summary

    Personal space violations, not just density, cause crowding. Distractions like pictures can reduce crowding, especially in close interactions, supporting attribution theory.

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    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Psychology
    • Social Psychology

    Background:

    • Crowding is often linked to high population density.
    • Previous models suggest arousal from personal space invasion contributes to crowding.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To test if personal space violations or density are primary drivers of crowding.
    • To investigate if distracting attributions can alleviate crowding.

    Main Methods:

    • Manipulated interaction distance (close/far) and density (high/low).
    • Introduced attribution inhibitors (pictures) in half the conditions.
    • Assessed crowding experiences post-task.

    Main Results:

    • Interaction distance was a stronger predictor of crowding than density.
    • Pictures reduced crowding significantly only under close interaction conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • Findings support an attributional model of crowding, emphasizing personal space.
    • Distraction from attributing arousal to others can mitigate crowding effects.

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