The development of dorsoventral and bilateral axial properties in sea urchin embryos

Sea urchin embryos have provided excellent material for experimental and molecular analyses of the processes of cell and axis specification during embryogenesis. These studies revealed the tremendous developmental plasticity of cells in early embryos and the roles that cell-cell interactions play in determining cell fates. Details concerning sea urchin development can be found in a number of excellent reviews. This review summarizes experimental and molecular studies relating to axis determination and cell fate specification in echinoid embryos. Correlations are drawn from research carried out on the development of axial systems in other organisms.