Comparison of the mechanical properties of normal and transformed fibroblasts

In order to achieve coordinated migration through extracellular matrix and endothelial barriers during metastasis, cancer cells must be endowed with specific structural and adhesive properties. In this context, comparison of the mechanical properties of transformed versus normal cells, on which little quantitative information is available, was the focus of this study. Normal human dermal fibroblasts and their SV40-transformed counterparts were analyzed using various manipulations. First, micropipet aspiration of suspended cells allowed calculation of a cortical tension (similar for normal and transformed cells), and an apparent viscosity (30% lower for transformed than for normal fibroblasts); in addition, transformed fibroblasts exhibited a more fragile surface than their normal counterparts. Second, tangential ultracentrifugation of adherent cells demonstrated cellular elongation in the direction of the centrifugal field and the existence of critical forces for cell detachment, around 10(-7) N: these were 1.6-fold greater for normal than for transformed cells. Finally, examination of the wrinkle patterns formed by cells plated on a deformable polydimethylsiloxane substrate, plus analysis of cell retraction caused by ATP treatment following detergent permeabilization showed that normal fibroblasts exhibited much more contractility than their transformed counterparts, which we characterized by a cell contraction rate. Such quantitative parameters which reveal differences in the mechanical behavior of normal and transformed cells may be used in the future as new markers of oncogenic transformation.