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Updated: Oct 13, 2026

Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
Published on: December 14, 2011
Measurement of tibial torsion
1Department of Podiatry, University of Brighton, Leaf Hospital, East Sussex, England, United Kingdom.
Abstract:
The anatomic accuracy of noninvasive in vivo measurement of tibial torsion was investigated through a comparison of goniometer measurements with those made on computed tomographic images. Seven normal subjects (2 women and 5 men; 14 legs) who ranged in age from 26 to 73 years were studied. The findings indicated that there was good agreement between measurements made by the two methods on the same limb. However, structural inconsistencies were found that cast doubt on the validity of certain anatomic reference points traditionally used in vivo studies of tibial torsion. In particular, use of the tibial tuberosity as a proximal reference may not give a true measurement of tibial or tibiofibular torsion.
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