On parallel processes in therapy and teaching

Using the format of a continuous case conference, the authors demonstrate that the therapist-presenter develops unconscious identifications with the patient which are especially intense when difficulties (resistances) arise which he cannot resolve. The presenter then enacts these identifications in the seminar giving rise to responses from the seminar members which repeat the difficulties of the therapy. These parallel processes can be made explicit by eliciting the empathic responses of the seminar participants. By interpreting these parallelisms the authors have evolved a teaching methodology which, like therapy itself, provides an emotionally based learning experience for the participants.