EDTA inhibits in vitro substrate adherence capacity of macrophages: endodontic implications

The disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) is a calcium ion chelator used in endodontics to enlarge root canals. This study investigated the effect of EDTA on substrate adherence capacity of rat inflammatory macrophages to determine if EDTA leakage to periapical tissues during root canal therapy can alter macrophage function. Inflammatory macrophages were obtained from Wistar rats and resuspended in RPMI-1640 medium. Substrate adherence capacity assays were carried out in Eppendorf tubes for 15 min of incubation at 37 degrees C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2. The adherence index (AI) was calculated. Results showed that EDTA decreased substrate adherence capacity of inflammatory macrophages in a time and dose-dependent manner. The lowest EDTA concentration that caused a significant inhibition of AI was 50 mM (p < 0.05), and the EDTA concentration that caused half-maximal inhibition (IC50) was 194 +/- 20 mM (p < 0.01). Calcium chloride (10 mM) increased the adherence index of macrophages by 17.1% (p < 0.05) and decreased the EDTA inhibitory effect on AI by 49.5% (p < 0.05). We conclude that an EDTA concentration lower than that used in endodontics decreased the substrate adherence capacity of macrophages significantly. Adhesion is the first step in the phagocytic process and in antigen presentation, but leakage of EDTA to periapical tissues during root canals preparation may inhibit macrophage function and reduce periapical inflammatory reactions.