Calcaneus as a site for the assessment of bone mass

The calcaneus is a skeletal site frequently used for monitoring bone loss after spaceflight, because it is sensitive to microgravity-induced bone mineral loss and reflects the degree of demineralization in the vertebra and the femoral neck. In this article, methods for assessing the calcaneus are reviewed, and their potential applications and limitations as the monitoring site for bone loss in weightlessness are discussed. Currently, single or dual energy X-ray absorptiometry appears to be most sensitive for monitoring bone mineral loss in weightlessness. The results of recent studies suggest two- to threefold longer follow-up times required for ultrasound techniques. However, ultrasound devices can be designed to be portable, making them attractive for inflight use, and ultrasound techniques are expected to provide information related to bone quality. Additional investigations that assess new ultrasound techniques would be important to determine and utilize the full potential of this technology for monitoring bone loss in weightlessness.