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Helicobacter--species classification and identification

R J Owen1

  • 1Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Central Public Health Laboratory, London, UK.

British Medical Bulletin
|May 30, 1998
PubMed
Summary

The Helicobacter genus, including H. pylori, comprises diverse bacteria found in mammalian hosts. These bacteria share traits like sheathed flagella and ureolytic ability, with varied morphology and host specificity.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacteriology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The genus Helicobacter was established in 1989, initially with H. pylori as the type species.
  • It has since expanded to include approximately 18 species, many newly discovered in mammalian gastric or intestinal sites.
  • Key characteristics include sheathed flagella and significant ureolytic activity, particularly in gastric mucosa-associated species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the Helicobacter genus, encompassing its taxonomic expansion and biological characteristics.
  • To highlight the diversity within the genus regarding morphology, host association, and genomic features.
  • To discuss the diagnostic approaches for identifying Helicobacter isolates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Helicobacter taxonomy, physiology, and host interactions.
  • Analysis of species characteristics, including cell morphology, flagellar structures, and urease production.
  • Consideration of genomic diversity and diagnostic methodologies, such as phenotypic tests and PCR assays.

Main Results:

  • The genus Helicobacter now includes about 18 species, with notable diversity in cell length, flagellation, and periplasmic fibrils.
  • H. pylori exhibits global distribution infecting human gastric mucosa, while other species like 'H. heilmannii' are found in companion animals.
  • Genomic analysis reveals significant diversity in gene order and sequences among H. pylori isolates.
  • H. felis is a relevant species in animal infection models.

Conclusions:

  • The Helicobacter genus is taxonomically diverse, with species adapted to various mammalian hosts and niches.
  • Shared characteristics like flagella and urease production are common, but significant variations exist.
  • A combination of conventional and molecular methods are available for the identification of Helicobacter species.

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