Moderate hypothermia for 48 hours after temporary epidural brain compression injury in a canine outcome model

In a previous study with this dog model, post-insult hypothermia of 31 degrees C for 5 h prevented secondary intraventricular pressure (IVP) rise, but during 35 degrees C or 38 degrees C, one-half of the dogs developed delayed IVP rise to brain death. We hypothesized that 31 degrees C extended to 48 h would prevent brain herniation. Using epidural balloon inflation, we increased contralateral IVP to 62 mm Hg for 90 min. Controlled ventilation was to 72 h and intensive care to 96 h. Group 1 dogs (n = 10) were normothermic controls (37.5 degrees C). Group 2 dogs (n = 10) were surface-cooled from 15 to 45 min of balloon inflation and maintained at moderate hypothermia (31 degrees C) to 48 h. Rewarming was from 48 to 72 h. Four additional dogs of hypothermia Group 2 had to be excluded from analysis for pneumonia and/or bleeding diathesis. After balloon deflation, IVP increased to 20 mm Hg or greater at 154 +/- 215 (range 15-720) min following the insult in Group 1 and at 1394 +/- 1191 (range 210-3420) min in Group 2 (p = 0.004), still during 31 degrees C but without further increase during hypothermia. Further IVP rise led to brain death in Group 1 in 6 of 10 dogs at 44 +/- 18 (range 21-72) h (all during controlled ventilation); and in Group 2, in 6 of 10 dogs at 87 +/- 11 (range 72-96) h (p = 0.001), all after rewarming, during spontaneous breathing. Survival to 96 h was achieved by 4 of 10 dogs in Group 1, and by 7 of 10 dogs in Group 2 (NS). Three of the six brain deaths in Group 2 occurred at 96 h. The macroscopically damaged brain volume was only numerically smaller in Group 2. The vermis downward shift was 6.8 +/- 3.5 mm in Group 1, versus 4.7 +/- 2.2 mm in Group 2 (p = 0.05). In an adjunctive study, in 4 additional normothermic dogs, hemispheric cerebral blood flow showed post-insult hypoperfusion bilaterally but no evidence of hyperemia preceding IVP rise to brain death. In conclusion, in this model, moderate hypothermia during and for 48 h after temporary epidural brain compression can maintain a low IVP during hypothermia but cannot prevent lethal brain swelling after rewarming and may cause coagulopathy and pulmonary complications.