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Putative environmental factors in Type 1 diabetes

H K Akerblom1, M Knip

  • 1The Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland.

Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews
|May 30, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Environmental factors like viruses and diet, particularly cow's milk proteins, may trigger Type 1 diabetes. Genetic predisposition is also essential for the autoimmune disease progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells.
  • Genetic predisposition is necessary, but environmental factors are crucial for T1D development.
  • Epidemiological data (twin, migration, geographical studies) highlight the role of environmental influences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of environmental factors in initiating Type 1 diabetes.
  • To focus on dietary factors, specifically cow's milk proteins, as potential triggers.
  • To discuss other environmental factors including viral infections, toxins, and psychosocial influences.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on epidemiological and etiological studies of Type 1 diabetes.
  • Analysis of evidence linking specific environmental exposures to T1D onset.
  • Discussion of the interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers.

Main Results:

  • Cow's milk proteins are a long-standing hypothesis, but their role in T1D remains inconclusive.
  • Enteroviruses are currently the most studied viral triggers, with evidence suggesting they can potentiate beta-cell autoimmunity.
  • N-nitroso compounds are potential toxins involved in some T1D cases.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental factors, including diet (cow's milk proteins), viral infections (enteroviruses), and toxins (N-nitroso compounds), are implicated in Type 1 diabetes etiology.
  • The interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental triggers is critical for disease development.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex interplay of factors contributing to Type 1 diabetes.

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