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Parents' sung performances for infants

S E Trehub1, D S Hill, S B Kamenetsky

  • 1University of Toronto at Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. trehub@credit.erin.utoronto.ca

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology = Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale
|June 2, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Parents sing more expressively to infants when present, with singing styles differing based on parent and infant sex. This suggests singing is adapted to the infant, potentially reflecting parental attachment.

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Area of Science:

  • Child Development
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Music Psychology

Background:

  • Parent-infant interactions are crucial for development.
  • Singing is a common mode of parent-infant communication.
  • The specific vocal characteristics of parental singing are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how parents' singing style differs when infants are present versus absent.
  • To examine the influence of infant sex on parental singing style.
  • To explore whether singing expressiveness is linked to parental attachment.

Main Methods:

  • Naive listeners rated singing performances by mothers and fathers for infants and their simulations.
  • Experiment 1: Assessed expressiveness (playful, soothing) in infant-present vs. infant-absent contexts.

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  • Experiment 2: Evaluated lyric enunciation expressiveness in infant-present vs. infant-absent contexts.

    • Main Results:

    • Parental singing was rated as more expressive (playful or soothing) when infants were present compared to simulations.
    • Parents sang more playfully to same-sex infants than to opposite-sex infants.
    • Lyric enunciation was more expressive in infant-present contexts, especially for same-sex infants.

    Conclusions:

    • Parental singing style is dynamically adapted to the infant's presence, becoming more expressive.
    • Singing expressiveness varies with the sex of the parent and infant, potentially indicating differential parental attachment.
    • Findings support functional, rather than nominal, classifications of songs used with infants.