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Related Experiment Videos

Differentiating withdrawal patterns between smokers and smokeless tobacco users

D E McChargue1, F L Collins

  • 1Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-3064, USA.

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
|June 3, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Smokeless tobacco users and smokers experience more withdrawal symptoms during deprivation. Withdrawal symptoms decrease over time on non-deprivation days, suggesting a need for stabilization before deprivation periods.

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Area of Science:

  • Addiction research
  • Behavioral psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Smokeless tobacco use is prevalent globally.
  • Understanding tobacco withdrawal is crucial for cessation interventions.
  • Limited research exists on smokeless tobacco withdrawal patterns compared to smoking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document smokeless tobacco withdrawal patterns.
  • To compare withdrawal responses between smokeless tobacco users and smokers.
  • To investigate the impact of deprivation duration on withdrawal symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • A within-subjects design was used with 19 participants (smokers and smokeless users).
  • Participants completed the Withdrawal Symptoms Checklist under 48-hour deprivation and non-deprivation conditions.

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  • Data were collected weekly, assessing cognitive and affective changes.

    • Main Results:

    • Both groups reported significantly higher withdrawal symptoms during 48-hour deprivation versus non-deprivation.
    • Withdrawal symptom endorsement decreased from 0 to 48 hours on non-deprivation days for both user groups.
    • A notable downward trend in symptoms was observed during non-deprivation periods.

    Conclusions:

    • Smokeless tobacco withdrawal is a significant issue, comparable to smoking withdrawal.
    • Withdrawal symptom severity is influenced by deprivation status.
    • Stabilizing withdrawal symptoms during non-deprivation periods may be beneficial before initiating deprivation protocols.