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Related Concept Videos

Caspases01:24

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
12:48

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Cathepsin S activity regulates antigen presentation and immunity

R J Riese1, R N Mitchell, J A Villadangos

  • 1Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Investigation
|June 17, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Inhibiting cathepsin S, an enzyme crucial for antigen presentation, impaired T cell responses and antibody production in mice. This suggests targeting cysteine proteases may treat autoimmune diseases and asthma.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Protease Function

Background:

  • MHC class II molecules present peptides to CD4(+) T cells.
  • Invariant chain (Ii) degradation and peptide generation require proteolysis.
  • Cathepsin S is a cysteine endoprotease essential for Ii degradation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional impact of cathepsin S inhibition on antigen presentation and immune responses.
  • To evaluate cathepsin S inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for immune-mediated diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Inhibition of cathepsin S in A20 cells and in mice.
  • Analysis of MHC class II-Ii complex processing and class II-peptide binding.
  • Assessment of antibody responses and immune cell infiltration in vivo.

Main Results:

  • Cathepsin S inhibition in A20 cells impaired MHC class II-peptide binding.
  • In vivo inhibition led to Ii accumulation, reduced class II-peptide complexes, and inhibited antigen presentation.
  • Mice treated with cathepsin S inhibitor showed attenuated antibody response and reduced allergic inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • Cathepsin S inhibition disrupts invariant chain processing and antigen presentation.
  • Selective inhibition of cysteine proteases like cathepsin S is a potential therapeutic approach for asthma and autoimmune diseases.