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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

60.0K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Line Loss01:10

Line Loss

541
The different configurations of source-load connections include wye (star) and delta connections. The relationship between line and phase voltages and currents varies depending on the configuration. When the source is supplying power, it is transmitted through the wires to the load, and during this transmission, some power is absorbed by the wires, leading to line loss.
Line loss impacts power delivery efficiency in a balanced three-phase circuit. The symmetry in such a circuit simplifies the...
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Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
389
Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

1.3K
In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the...
1.3K
Major Losses in Pipes01:28

Major Losses in Pipes

2.0K
When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
Fluid flow can be classified as laminar or turbulent, primarily based on the Reynolds number. This dimensionless number reflects the relative influence of inertial to viscous...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

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Postural vision loss in giant cell arteritis

M Diego1, C E Margo

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, USA.

Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society
|June 11, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Giant cell arteritis can cause temporary vision loss when changing positions. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent permanent vision damage from this rare symptom.

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Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis primarily affecting large and medium-sized arteries.
  • Ocular involvement in GCA can lead to severe vision loss, including anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Observation:

  • Two patients with biopsy-proven GCA presented with bilateral transient vision loss upon postural changes (bending over, rising from supine).
  • One patient's symptoms suggested vertebrobasilar insufficiency, while the other's indicated impending bilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Findings:

  • Bilateral transient postural vision loss is an uncommon but significant manifestation of GCA.
  • This symptom may indicate severe vascular compromise in either the anterior (carotid/ophthalmic) or posterior (vertebrobasilar) circulation.

Implications:

  • Prompt neurological and ophthalmological evaluation is essential for patients presenting with these symptoms.
  • Early intervention in GCA is critical to prevent irreversible vision loss and other serious sequelae.
  • This presentation highlights the diverse vascular manifestations of giant cell arteritis.