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Sequences01:29

Sequences

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Sequences are fundamental mathematical objects consisting of ordered lists of numbers that follow a specific rule or pattern. Sequences are critical in various mathematical concepts, including calculus, series, and number theory. They can model real-world phenomena such as population growth, financial investments, and physical processes like the diminishing height of a bouncing ball.Each number in a sequence is referred to as a term. Typically, the terms are denoted as a1, a2, a3,…, where...
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An arithmetic sequence is a structured arrangement of numbers where each term is derived by adding a constant value, known as the common difference, to the previous term. This consistent pattern allows for the efficient computation of any term within the sequence as well as the cumulative sum of multiple terms. The formula for finding the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is:Here, aₙ represents the nth term of the sequence, a is the first term, d is the common difference, and n is the...
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
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An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice
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Rheumatoid arthritis: sequences

P N Scutellari1, C Orzincolo

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Therapy, Ferrara University School of Medicine, Italy.

European Journal of Radiology
|July 4, 1998
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis relies on characteristic imaging findings. Advanced techniques like MRI and CT aid in assessing disease activity and complex joint involvement.

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Radiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent autoimmune disorder affecting 1% of adults, causing symmetric, erosive synovitis and potential multisystem complications.
  • RA's chronic, fluctuating course can lead to severe joint destruction, deformity, disability, and reduced lifespan.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature data on the pathological features of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as visualized by diagnostic imaging techniques.
  • To highlight the diagnostic utility of various imaging modalities in RA.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of patients based on the American Rheumatism Association (1987) diagnostic criteria.
  • Review of literature concerning plain radiography, ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in RA diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • Characteristic RA findings include synovial proliferation, soft tissue swelling, osteoporosis, and marginal/central erosions.
  • Symmetrical joint involvement is typical, preferentially affecting hands, wrists, feet, knees, and hips.
  • Systemic manifestations like subcutaneous nodules, vasculitis, and pleuropulmonary abnormalities can occur.

Conclusions:

  • RA exhibits a distinct radiographic profile aiding diagnosis, particularly with findings like fusiform soft tissue swelling and erosions.
  • Conventional radiography is the standard for initial joint assessment in suspected RA.
  • US, CT, and MRI offer complementary roles in evaluating soft tissue involvement, complex joints, and disease activity.