Regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene by the AP-1 transcription factor

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor, and AP- 1 (Fos/Jun or Jun/Jun) is a transcription factor whose components are nuclear proteins encoded by c-fos and c-jun protooncogenes. Serum stimulation of serum-starved NIH 3T3 cells resulted in an approx 188-fold induction of c-fos mRNA at 30 min and an approximately ninefold induction of c-jun mRNA at 1 h, followed by an increase in GR mRNA levels at 3-12 hour (twofold). Sequential induction of cFos, cJun, and GR protein levels also occurred. Overexpression of the cFos protein in NIH 3T3 cells (NIH 3T3 [cFos 3] and NIH 3T3 [cFos 10]) caused an increase in the endogenous GR protein. Previous and present studies showed that a putative AP-1 site within the GR promoter binds AP-1 proteins (both Jun and Fos family members). To address the molecular mechanism involved in transcriptional activation of the GR gene, we investigated the relevance of AP-1 binding complexes in this activation and in overall regulation of GR gene transcription. Transient transfection with a full length GR promoter linked to a luciferase gene into both NIH 3T3 (cFos 3) and NIH 3T3 (cFos 10) cells gave rise to an induction of luciferase activity. This induction was abolished following mutation or deletion of the GR AP-1 site from the promoter. These findings suggest that cFos is responsible for the induction of GR expression in serum-stimulated NIH 3T3 cells, and serum growth factors may stimulate GR transcription by a cFos-dependent mechanism at the putative AP-1 site. These studies support a role for the AP-1 transcription factor in regulating GR gene expression.