Identification of a domain in apolipoprotein B-100 that inhibits the procoagulant activity of tissue factor

The ability of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to inhibit the procoagulant activity of tissue factor is mediated by a direct protein-protein interaction involving apolipoprotein (apo) B-100. A lysine-rich sequence within apo B-100 (residues 3121-3217), which we have termed lysine-rich apo B-100-derived (KRAD)-98 peptide, may be responsible for its activity. Within this region, residues 3147-3160 (KRAD-14) contain an exceptionally high proportion of positive amino acids. Both recombinant KRAD-98 and KRAD-14 peptides inhibited the procoagulant activity of tissue factor by preventing the activation of factor VII. KRAD-14 also inhibited the prothrombinase components, factors Xa and V. In comparison with the parent protein (apo B-100), KRAD-14 peptide displayed a 20-fold enhancement in the rate of inhibition, whereas KRAD-98 peptide exhibited a rate closer to that of apo B-100. Mutational analysis of KRAD-14 peptide revealed three adjacent amino acids, alteration of which greatly reduced the inhibitory potential of this peptide. A peptide derived from tissue factor (residues 58-66) was found to act co-operatively with tissue factor itself, but also augmented the inhibition of tissue-factor activity by apo B-100. In conclusion, LDL may be a physiological regulator of haemostatic mechanisms through the interactions of lysine-rich domains of apo B-100 with tissue factor.