Increased natural killer cell cytotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease may involve protein kinase C dysregulation

Increased cytokine-mediated cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cell activity has recently been demonstrated in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT). In the present study, we evaluated whether protein-kinase C (PKC), a main regulatory enzyme involved in the mechanism of exocytosis by NK cells, has a role in the cytotoxic response of NK cells (during IL-2 and IFN-beta exposure) from SDAT patients. Our data demonstrate the presence of an increased cytotoxic response by NK cells to IL-2 (mean increase +102%) and IFN-beta (mean increase +132%) in SDAT patients in comparison with healthy elderly subjects (+75% and +88% for IL-2 and IFN-beta, respectively). A smaller suppression of NK cytotoxicity after cortisol was also observed in SDAT (mean decrease -24%) than in the control group (-44%). The NK cell activity of SDAT patients was inversely correlated with the cognitive status as evaluated by the analysis of MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination) score. A comparison of young and elderly healthy subjects revealed no variations in NK cell activity. A physiological decrease in cytosolic PKC activity was demonstrated in healthy old subjects after IL-2 and IFN-beta incubation, but not in SDAT patients, while no variations in kinase activity were observed after cortisol incubation. The decreased activity with cytokines was associated with reduced levels of PKC alpha and betaII isoforms. An alteration in cytokine-mediated NK cell activity associated with PKC dysregulation is therefore suggested to occur in patients with SDAT. These changes may indicate the existence of an immunological component to the pathogenesis and progression of the disease.