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Development of self-handicapping tendencies

C E Kimble1, E A Kimble, N A Croy

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, OH 45469-1430, USA. kimble@riker.stjoe.udayton.edu

The Journal of Social Psychology
|July 17, 1998
PubMed
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Children, especially 6th-grade boys, may reduce preparation effort before evaluations to self-handicap. Self-esteem tests can reduce this motivation in some students.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Self-handicapping, or reducing preparation effort before evaluations, is a strategy some children may use.
  • Understanding the onset and influencing factors of self-handicapping in children is crucial for educational interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the age and conditions under which U.S. children begin to self-handicap.
  • To examine the influence of personal variables (gender, grade, self-esteem) and situational variables (test timing, task importance) on self-handicapping behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated self-handicapping in 3rd and 6th graders.
  • Manipulated the timing of a self-esteem test (before/after evaluation) and the importance of the evaluation task.
  • Assessed personal variables including gender, grade level, and self-esteem.

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Main Results:

  • Sixth-grade boys exhibited higher self-handicapping tendencies than 6th-grade girls.
  • Third graders were less influenced by performance evaluation implications than 6th graders.
  • Self-handicapping in 6th graders was moderated by recent experiences and self-esteem levels.
  • A self-esteem test reduced self-handicapping motivation in high-self-esteem 6th-grade boys.

Conclusions:

  • Self-handicapping emerges in middle childhood, with developmental and gender differences observed.
  • Situational factors and individual differences, such as self-esteem and recent experiences, significantly impact self-handicapping.
  • Interventions involving self-affirmation may mitigate self-handicapping behaviors in vulnerable student populations.