Trinucleotide repeat DNA structures: dynamic mutations from dynamic DNA

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Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA
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Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA

Published on: April 26, 2013

C E Pearson1, R R Sinden

  • 1Center for Genome Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston 77030-3303, USA.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|July 17, 1998
PubMed

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Overview
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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).