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The extracytoplasmic function sigma factors: role and regulation

D Missiakas1, S Raina

  • 1CNRS UPR9027, Marseille, France.

Molecular Microbiology
|July 29, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Alternative sigma factors, known as ECF sigma factors, regulate gene expression for extracytoplasmic functions across diverse bacteria. Their activity is controlled by inner membrane proteins acting as anti-sigma factors, enabling environmental adaptation.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Alternative sigma factors regulate bacterial gene expression in response to environmental stimuli.
  • Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors control diverse functions like heat shock response, biosynthesis, and pathogenicity.
  • ECF sigma factors are conserved across various bacterial species and archaea, belonging to the sigma 70 class.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse functions and conserved mechanisms of ECF sigma factors.
  • To highlight the role of cognate inner membrane proteins in modulating ECF sigma factor activity.
  • To explain how ECF sigma factors facilitate adaptive responses to environmental changes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on alternative sigma factors, particularly ECF sigma factors.

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  • Comparative analysis of ECF sigma factor functions and conservation across different bacterial species.
  • Examination of the regulatory mechanism involving inner membrane anti-sigma proteins.

    • Main Results:

    • ECF sigma factors regulate critical extracytoplasmic functions including heat shock genes, alginate and carotenoid biosynthesis, iron uptake, and outer membrane protein synthesis.
    • ECF sigma factors are found in diverse bacteria (e.g., E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Mycobacteria) and archaea.
    • A conserved mechanism involves inner membrane proteins that act as anti-sigma factors, sensing environmental changes and regulating ECF sigma factor activity.

    Conclusions:

    • ECF sigma factors are crucial regulators of bacterial adaptation to diverse environmental conditions.
    • The interaction between ECF sigma factors and anti-sigma proteins represents a key signaling pathway for gene regulation.
    • Understanding ECF sigma factor regulation provides insights into bacterial survival and pathogenicity.