Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 26, 2026

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
Published on: April 11, 2018
Changes in peak torque arm-shoulder strength of high school baseball pitchers during the season
1California State University at Bakersfield 93311-1099, USA.
Abstract:
Pre- and postseason measurements of peak torque arm strength were made at 180 deg./sec. and 300 deg./sec. on both throwing and nonthrowing arms of five male high school varsity baseball pitchers. The major findings were significant losses in adduction strength in both throwing and nonthrowing shoulders at 180 deg./ sec. and internal rotation strength for both sides at both speeds. The primary implication from these preliminary findings is that significant losses of arm-shoulder strength may be associated with injuries to the pitching arm.
Related Concept Videos
Force and Momentum
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Muscles of the Shoulder
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Muscles that Move the Arm
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

