The effects of xenobiotics on erythrocytes

1. Methemoglobin formation was observed when erythrocytes were incubated with xenobiotics such as hydroxylamines or phenols, other metabolites resulting from the interaction of these compounds with erythrocytes being reactive free radicals derived from the respective xenobiotic, and a ferryl-heme oxo-complex. 2. Steady-state levels of these reaction products depended on the permeability of the erythrocyte membrane for the various methemoglobin (MetHb) generators and the presence of antioxidants that downregulate the radicals formed. 3. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of xenobiotic-derived free radicals could be obtained only from the readily water soluble hydroxylamines, whereas the poorly water soluble phenolic compounds did not allow the use of concentrations required for the generation of detectable amounts of ESR-sensitive metabolites in erythrocytes. 4. Previous investigations with oxyhemoglobin solutions and with the MetHb/H2O2 model systems have shown that, apart from ESR-sensitive radical species, excited reaction intermediates such as compound 1 ferryl hemoglobin can be detected as well by using chemiluminescence measurements. 5. A strong correlation was found between the intensity of the emitted light and the MetHb formation rate, indicating that the production of compound 1 ferryl hemoglobin is closely related to the MetHb formation step. 6. The sensitivity of the photon-counting method allowed measurements of excited species in intact erythrocytes not only with the readily soluble hydroxylamines, but also with the less soluble phenolic compounds. 7. In addition, parameters indicative of xenobiotic-induced oxidative alterations were found: a significant decrease in intraerythrocytic thiol levels was a result of all compounds that initiate MetHb formation, as also described for slowly reacting xenobiotics. 8. With the most reactive compound investigated, unsubstituted hydroxylamine, a significant release of iron from the oxidatively modified hemoglobin was detected, facilitated by binding of this transition metal to hydroxylamine and its final oxidation product, nitric oxide. 9. The use of the ESR spin-labeling technique revealed membrane alterations of erythrocytes exposed to the reducing MetHb generators presented in this study. 10. A direct action of BHA and BHT on the integrity of the erythrocyte membrane was observed, leading to hemolysis independent of the formation of prooxidant species. 11. The presence of strong prooxidants (radicals) was indicated both by fluidity changes in the membrane and by an oxidative decrease in cytosolic thiol levels.